Nearly all debt and equity liabilities of Australia's governments, corporations and banks, including – crucially – those owed to foreigners, are denominated in, or hedged into, Australian dollars (Graph 1).[1]
This includes all Commonwealth and state government debt, which is issued entirely in Australian dollars; Australia's equity liabilities, which are also wholly denominated in Australian dollars; and the bulk of debt issued by banks and other corporations, which is either denominated in Australian dollars or hedged using derivatives.
[2] The small share of liabilities that are denominated in foreign currency are likely to have natural hedges, such as foreign currency export earnings or foreign currency-denominated assets (Berger-Thomson and Chapman 2017).